The increasing penetration of photovoltaic systems in modern power grids creates stability challenges caused by the low inertia of inverter-based generation. This leads to higher frequency deviations and reduced robustness during dynamic operating conditions. This paper proposes an enhanced adaptive Virtual Synchronous Generator control strategy combined with Particle Swarm Optimization for optimal tuning of proportional–integral controller parameters. The proposed method improves the system response under varying load conditions compared with conventional control approaches. A mathematical model of a grid-connected photovoltaic system is developed, including electrical dynamics, DC-link behavior, and frequency and voltage control loops. The control strategy is evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink under several operating scenarios, including sudden load changes. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive VSG–PSO method reduces settling time by approximately 77% and frequency deviation by nearly 89%, while improving damping and transient stability.
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